• Income Tax Act No. 595/2003 Coll. (Sections 2/n-r, 17/5, 17/6, 17/7, 18, 18a)
• Double Tax Treaties
• Financial Reporters No. 14/1997, 20/1999, 3/2002 where OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines from 1995 and 1997 were published in Slovak language
• Financial Reporters No. 1/2009, 8/2014, 5/2015, 7/2016, 12/2018 where administrative guidance of the Slovak Ministry of Finance on content of the transfer pricing documentation were published

As an OECD Member State and an EU Member State, Slovakia adheres to the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines and to the EU Code of Conduct on transfer pricing documentation for associated enterprises. Slovakia also acceded to the EU Arbitration Convention, which establishes a procedure to resolve disputes where double taxation occurs between enterprises of different Member States as a result of an upward adjustment of profits of an enterprise of one Member State.

Applicability

The arm’s length principle is based on a comparison of the terms which were agreed in any business or financial transactions between related parties and the terms which would have been agreed between unrelated parties in similar business or financial transactions, in comparable circumstances.

The review of comparability of the terms is made by confronting in particular the businesses conducted by the parties, including, but not limited to their production, assembly works, research and development, purchase and sale, the scope of their business risks, the characteristics of the compared property or the service, the terms agreed between the parties to the transaction, the economic environment in the marketplace, and the business strategy. The terms shall be considered comparable if there is no difference at all or if only minor adjustments would compensate such a difference.

If there is a difference between the prices agreed in transactions of related parties, and the prices applied between unrelated parties in comparable business transactions, as long as such difference results in a reduction of the tax base or increase of tax loss, the related party shall increase its income tax base by that difference. As from January 1, 2023, the materiality threshold was introduced for controlled transaction (or group of controlled transactions that may be aggregated), for which such tax base adjustment is required. As qualified controlled transaction is considered a legal relationship or other similar relationship in which one or more related parties achieve taxable income or tax-deductible expense exceeding EUR 10,000. In the case of loan transaction, the qualified transaction is with a principal amount above EUR 50,000.

General terms

As from January 1, 2023, it is also extended that by economic tie shall be understood along:

• the relation between tax resident taxpayer and his permanent establishments abroad,
• the relation between tax non-resident and his permanent establishments in Slovakia,
• the relation among permanent establishments of taxpayers that are considered as related parties in the sense of the abovementioned, and the relation between such permanent establishment and such taxpayer
• also the relation among permanent establishments of the taxpayer.

Content

The transfer pricing documentation represents a set of information, data and facts which demonstrate and explain the method of taxpayer’s price formation in controlled transactions.

Transfer pricing documentation in general consists of general and of specific part.

General rules

Transfer pricing documentation shall be prepared for each controlled transaction separately or for each group of aggregated controlled transactions.

The documentation should be prepared in Slovak language. However, as from January 1, 2023, it can be filed with the tax administrator also in a foreign language. If the latter occurs, the tax authority may upon request ask for translation to Slovak within 15 days from the delivery of the request.

Transfer pricing documentation shall be kept for the respective tax period. If no new facts occur – facts that would affect the valuation method for controlled transactions, when preparing documentation for the next period – a taxpayer may refer to information stated in documentation for the previous taxation periods.

Deadlines

The taxpayer shall submit the transfer pricing documentation within 15 days from delivery of the tax administration’s or financial directorate’s request. Such request may be for the transfer pricing documentation for the relevant tax period, sent no earlier than on the first day following expiry of the period for tax return filing for that particular tax period. Due to short 15-day period it is recommended having the documentation prepared in advance.

Documentation types

There are three different types of transfer pricing documentation in terms of the required minimum scope:

Obligation to keep the documentation

Starting with the tax period, which begins after December 31, 2017, complete documentation has to be kept by the following taxpayers:

• taxpayers who follow for statutory purposes the IFRS in booking or closing of booking – the obligation to keep a complete documentation is with respect to significant cross-border controlled transactions;
• taxpayers that are engaged in the cross-border controlled transaction with value exceeding 10 million EUR per tax period;
• taxpayers who perform significant business transactions with a related party seated in a state which Slovakia has no double tax treaty or international tax information exchange agreement with;
• taxpayers who are engaged in the controlled transactions with respect to which they opt for an APA (Advance Pricing Agreement)
• taxpayers who asks for secondary adjustments for the controlled transaction according to double tax treaties
• taxpayers who are engaged in the controlled transactions with respect to which there was a request filed for a mutual agreement procedure according to a tax treaty;
• taxpayers who claim a tax relief – the obligation to keep a complete documentation is with respect to significant cross-border controlled transactions.

In other cases, the taxpayer is obliged to keep a basic documentation for the following transactions:

• cross-border controlled transactions with annual value exceeding 1 million EUR;
• non-significant transactions with a related party seated in a state which Slovakia has no double tax treaty or international tax information exchange agreement with;
• significant cross-border controlled transactions, if the taxpayer’s total operating and financial revenues per tax period exceed 8 million EUR;
• significant domestic controlled transactions, if the taxpayer claims a tax relief.

If neither complete documentation nor basic documentation is prepared on controlled transaction, taxpayer is obliged to keep on such transaction a shortened documentation (following the template prepared by the Slovak Ministry of Finance), except for some cases, when it is sufficient to properly report controlled transactions in income tax return only.

Also, some Slovak public entities may qualify for keeping of shortened documentation.

In that respect it has to be mentioned that simplified types of documentation may in the listed cases be sufficient from administrative point of view but will not help a taxpayer to prove the application of the arm’s length principle, unless a comparability analysis is made. Therefore, any material transaction from the perspective taxpayer is recommended to be followed by functional and risk analysis and benchmarking.

Any traditional and other transfer pricing methods according to OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines can be used while the principle of the best method shall be applied. Also, combination of more methods is possible if necessary. If appropriate, other methods may be used by Slovak taxpayers, too.

Methods based on comparison of prices

Methods based on comparison of profits

Taxpayers in Slovakia can ask the tax authority for an Advance Pricing Agreement (APA) – an approval of a particular method of transfer pricing – at least 60 days before the beginning of the tax period during which the approved method shall apply. By this way they can approve the chosen methodology and avoid potential disputes as far as the method is concerned. Only the method can be approved with the APA, not the used transfer prices itself.

The tax administration shall issue a decision on the approval of the valuation method valid for no more than five tax periods. Extension for next five years is possible if the taxpayer demonstrates that no change has occurred in the conditions upon which the decision was issued.

The fee for applying for the APA as from January 1, 2017 does no longer depend on the value of the business case, but is to be set as follows:

From January 1, 2022, the statutory fee is half for a taxpayer who is considered highly reliable at the time of application based on the evaluation of the tax reliability index. For further information regarding the tax reliability index of taxpayers valid from January 1, 2022 please see our News Flash.

The reduced amount of the fee for the APA for highly reliable taxpayers will be applicable only after the first delivery of the notification of the index of tax reliability.

For non-compliance with the Transfer Pricing documentation obligations a penalty up to EUR 3,000 for a breach of a non-monetary obligation can be levied. Moreover, the tax base may be adjusted and additional tax may be levied by Slovak tax authorities during the tax inspection.

The tax authority can assess a tax difference up to 10 years after the end of year, in which the obligation to submit a tax return has arisen, i.e. tax return can be a subject of tax inspection for 11 years.

6*ECB rate or 20% p.a. is the penalty rate from the tax difference instead of 10% p.a. or 3*ECB rate (higher rate shall be applicable). As from January 1^st, 2017 stricter penalties apply for intentional breach of the arm´s length principle. Doubled penalties will apply to taxpayers who decrease their tax base or increase their tax loss intentionally with the help of Transfer Pricing.